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Introduction Since the end of the 20th century, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly iron-based nanomaterials, have received extensive attention from numerous researchers due to their tuna magnetic properties, ease of manipulation, and non-intrusiveness. From methods for synthesising MNP with anisotropic and compound structures to the emergence of substantially related characterization instruments (e.g. Vibration sample magnetometer, Magneto-optical Kerr effect, Mössbauer spectrum, etc.) and a focus on MNPs in biomedical applications such as bioimaging, drug delivery, and tumour therapy[1-5]. It has been shown that the magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropy of each atom in MNPs differ significantly from those of bulk materials[6]. The relevant performance parameters of MNPs are closely related to their intrinsic physical and chemical properties, like composition, shape, particle size, and core-shell structure[7]. Therefore, -to sati

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